Issue published: 31 December 2018

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Stereotypes Determining Perceptions of Female Politicians: The Case of Poland

Agnieszka Turska-Kawa and Agata Olszanecka-Marmola, p. 7–30

Abstract: The aim of this study is to find out whether women in Polish politics are perceived through the prism of gender stereotypes. We conducted a two‑stage empirical study (N=447) to investigate the kinds of qualities that young voters attribute to politicians in the context of gender stereotypes. Our findings correlated with a pattern of research that shows that female politicians are typically associated with “female issues” and seen in terms of stereotypically feminine traits. The results of our survey showed gender solidarity, with female and male participants generally responding more positively to politicians of the same gender. There were also significant differences based on respondents’ interest in politics; people interested in politics were, for example, significantly less likely to ascribe qualities related to political ability and self‑composure to women. Finally, ideological identifications did not modify perceptions of female politicians but people who identified as right‑wing more often viewed male politicians as politically capable, diligent, likeable and go‑getters.

Keywords: women in politics, gender stereotypes, female politicians, politics, Poland

The Never-ending Story: Czech Governments, Corruption and Populist Anti-Corruption Rhetoric (2010–2018)

Vladimír Naxera, p. 31–54

Abstract: Corruption is a phenomenon with significant effects – economically, politically and culturally. Corruption tends to be viewed negatively by the public. As such, anti‑corruption rhetoric may be an ideal election strategy for individual political parties.Nevertheless, anti‑corruption rhetoric does not necessarily translate into an actual anti‑corruption policy. This study analyses the impact of anti‑corruption rhetoric that does not reflect the actual practices of its speaker and has been used strategically togain favour. My focus is on elections and the subsequent formation and exercise of government in the Czech Republic. I analyse how anti‑corruption rhetoric directed at political opponents works as an election success strategy. At the same time, I show how electoral success, transformed into real political power, strengthens the ability of actors to engage in activities that amount to borderline or outright corruption, irrespective of any anti‑corruption rhetoric.

Keywords: corruption, Czech politics, anti‑corruption, Czech government, populism

The Three Seas Initiative as a Political Challenge for the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe

Marek Górka, p. 55–73

Abstract: The Three Seas Initiative (TSI) is an informal association that focuses mainly on the economic integration of EU member states through the cooperation of specific sectors. It is meant to strengthen the single market and bonds among countries in Central and Eastern Europe. It also seeks to reduce developmental differences between these countries and the older EU member states. This study explores the background of the TSI, which was jointly conceived by the presidents of Poland and Croatia with the goal of strengthening ties among countries in the area between the Black, Baltic and Adriatic seas. The association brings together 12 states across Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania and Austria. As well as enhancing their political ties, it aims to develop cross‑border cooperation and implement macro‑regional projects. The analysis highlights both the diverging interests of the TSI countries and their common predicament. These states are connected by the fact that they stand to lose the most from the two‑speed Europe idea that some Western politicians have imposed. They are also at a clear disadvantage when it comes to infrastructure investments. In the past, the European Union has emphasized East–West cooperationand overlooked the North–South communication and energy corridors. The Three Seas Initiative founders are trying to determine the best form of cooperation for the Central and Eastern Europe region.

Keywords: security policy, Three Seas Initiative, Visegrad Group, Central Europe, European integration

Human Security: An Analysis of the Dissemination of an Idea in World Politics

Šárka Waisová, p. 75–99

Abstract: The study considers the dissemination of the idea of human security including the means – trajectories and spaces – by which it has been spread and reproduced in international politics. My aim is to illuminate the agents behind this dissemination, the ways that the concept has been shared and the intellectual and institutional frameworks that have enabled its existence. I conclude that the idea of human security arose from the UN system, particularly the United Nations Development Programme’s offices. It was disseminated with the assistance of “human security friends,” i.e. Japan, Canada and Norway and several prominent scholars, high‑ranking policy‑makers and UN officers.Nevertheless, despite these efforts, human security has not found a following worldwide. It was embedded in part of the UN system where it has remained powerful and been reproduced. Outside the UN system, however, even its most active and devoted promoters have abandoned the concept. The number of these supporters has dwindled, the idea has lost its power and the spaces where it is reproduced are limited.

Keywords: human security, dissemination of an idea, United Nations, Canada, Japan

REVIEWS

Martina Mudríková: Havlík, Vlastimil – Hloušek, Vít – Kaniok, Havlík, Vlastimil – Hloušek, Vít – Kaniok, Petr. Europeanised Defiance – Czech Euroscepticism since 2004. Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2017. ISBN 978-3-8474-2092-7, 199 pages.